TY  - BOOK
AU  - Martin, Kirsten 
TI  - The presentation, etiologies, pathophysiology, and treatment of pulmonary renal syndrome: A review of the literature. [Review]
SN  - 0011-5029
PY  - 2022///
KW  - *Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
KW  - *Glomerulonephritis
KW  - *Lung Diseases
KW  - Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease/co [Complications]
KW  - Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease/di [Diagnosis]
KW  - Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic/tu [Therapeutic Use]
KW  - Glomerulonephritis/di [Diagnosis]
KW  - Glomerulonephritis/et [Etiology]
KW  - Glomerulonephritis/th [Therapy]
KW  - Hemorrhage/di [Diagnosis]
KW  - Hemorrhage/et [Etiology]
KW  - Hemorrhage/th [Therapy]
KW  - Humans
KW  - Immunosuppressive Agents/tu [Therapeutic Use]
KW  - Lung Diseases/di [Diagnosis]
KW  - Lung Diseases/et [Etiology]
KW  - Lung Diseases/th [Therapy]
KW  - Internal Medicine & Pediatrics Residency
KW  - MedStar Georgetown University Hospital/MedStar Washington Hospital Center
KW  - Journal Article
KW  - Review
N1  - Available online from MWHC library: 2001 - present
N2  - Pulmonary renal syndrome (PRS) is a constellation of different disorders that cause both rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. While antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease are the predominant causes of PRS, numerous other mechanisms have been shown to cause this syndrome, including thrombotic microangiopathies, drug exposures, and infections, among others. This syndrome has high morbidity and mortality, and early diagnosis and treatment is imperative to improve outcomes. Treatment generally involves glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents, but treatment targeted to the underlying disorder can improve outcomes and mitigate side effects. Familiarity with the wide range of possible causes of PRS can aid the clinician in workup, diagnosis and early initiation of treatment. This review provides a summary of the clinical presentation, etiologies, pathophysiology, and treatment of PRS. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
UR  - https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101465
ER  -