Vertebral-venous fistula: an unusual cause for ocular symptoms mimicking a carotid cavernous fistula. 

 -  2015 
<br/><br/> Vertebral-venous fistulas (VVF), or vertebral-vertebral arteriovenous fistulas, are an uncommon clinical entity. Typically, they present as a result of a direct vascular connection between an extracranial branch of the vertebral artery or its radicular components and the epidural venous plexus. These may manifest with signs and symptoms referable to cervical myelopathy secondary to compression or steal phenomenon. To our knowledge, this is the first case to identify a patient who presented with classic ocular symptoms attributable to a carotid cavernous fistula but secondary to a VVF. We present its treatment and clinical outcome. In addition, we present a brief literature review surrounding this uncommon disease. Copyright 2015 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. 
<br/><br/><br/>English 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>*Arteriovenous Fistula/di [Diagnosis]<br/>*Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula/di [Diagnosis]<br/>*Cavernous Sinus/pa [Pathology]<br/>*Eye Diseases/et [Etiology]<br/>*Eye/pa [Pathology]<br/>*Veins/pa [Pathology]<br/>*Vertebral Artery/pa [Pathology]<br/>Arteriovenous Fistula/co [Complications]<br/>Arteriovenous Fistula/th [Therapy]<br/>Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula/th [Therapy]<br/>Cerebral Angiography<br/>Embolization, Therapeutic<br/>Eye Diseases/di [Diagnosis]<br/>Humans
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Geographic Terms: </label><br/>MedStar Washington Hospital Center<br/>MedStar Washington Hospital Center
<br/><br/><label>Index Terms--Occupation: </label><br/>Radiology<br/>Surgery/Neurosurgery
<br/><br/><label>Index Terms--Function: </label><br/>Case Reports<br/>Journal Article