Pseudohyperkalemia: Three Cases and a Review of Literature. [Review] 

 -  2022 
<br/><br/> Hyperkalemia is a potentially fatal complication requiring prompt diagnosis and management. However, pseudohyperkalemia, defined as an artificial rise in serum potassium (Sk) is also an important diagnosis since management differs. Pseudohyperkalemia can result from multiple factors including excessive potassium leakage from cells of the forearm during blood collection due to release from exercising muscle during fist clenching while washout is prevented by tourniquet application, hemolysis, problems with sample transport, pre-analysis or contamination, cell damage and metabolic changes, familial conditions that permit excessive K+ leak from erythrocytes after blood sampling and leukocytosis or thrombocytosis. In this review, we will discuss the major causes of pseudohyperkalemia, how to avoid certain diagnostic pitfalls, and comment on the clinical importance of recognizing these false readings. We will review three clinical cases seen in our Nephrology and Hypertension clinic that illustrate some of these problems. Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc. 
<br/><br/><br/>English 
<br/><br/><label>ISSN: </label>0002-9343 
<br/><br/><label>Standard No.: </label>10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.01.036 [doi] S0002-9343(22)00081-X [pii] 
<br/><br/><label>Subjects--Topical Terms: </label><br/>IN PROCESS -- NOT YET INDEXED
<br/><br/><label>Index Terms--Occupation: </label><br/>MedStar Georgetown University Hospital/MedStar Washington Hospital Center<br/>Nephrology Fellowship
<br/><br/><label>Index Terms--Function: </label><br/>Journal Article<br/>Review