Sex Differences in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. | Sex Differences in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. [Review]
Sex Differences in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Sex Differences in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. [Review]
- 2022
Available online from MWHC library: August 2000 - present, Available in print through MWHC library: 1999 - 2006
Sex dimorphism strongly impacts tumor biology with most cancers having a male predominance. Uniquely, thyroid cancer is the only non-reproductive cancer with striking female predominance with 3-4-fold higher incidence among females, although males generally have more aggressive disease. The molecular basis for this observation is not known and current approaches in treatment and surveillance are not sex specific. Although thyroid cancer has overall good prognosis, 6-20% of patients develop regional or distant metastasis, one third of whom are not responsive to conventional treatment approaches and suffer a 10-year survival rate of only 10%. More efficacious treatment strategies are needed for these aggressive thyroid cancers as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy have major toxicities without demonstrable overall survival benefit. Emerging evidence indicates a role of sex-hormones, genetics and the immune system in modulation of both risk for thyroid cancer and its progression in a sex-specific manner. Greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sex-differences in thyroid cancer pathogenesis could provide insights to the development of sex-specific, targeted, effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and management. This review summarizes emerging evidence for the importance of sex in the pathogenesis, progression, and response to treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer with emphasis on the role of sex-hormones, genetics and the immune system.
English
10.1089/thy.2021.0361 [doi]
*Adenocarcinoma
*Thyroid Neoplasms
Female
Humans
Male
Prognosis
Sex Characteristics
Thyroid Neoplasms/ep [Epidemiology]
Thyroid Neoplasms/ge [Genetics]
Thyroid Neoplasms/th [Therapy]
Treatment Outcome
MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Medicine/Endocrinology
Journal Article
Available online from MWHC library: August 2000 - present, Available in print through MWHC library: 1999 - 2006
Sex dimorphism strongly impacts tumor biology with most cancers having a male predominance. Uniquely, thyroid cancer is the only non-reproductive cancer with striking female predominance with 3-4-fold higher incidence among females, although males generally have more aggressive disease. The molecular basis for this observation is not known and current approaches in treatment and surveillance are not sex specific. Although thyroid cancer has overall good prognosis, 6-20% of patients develop regional or distant metastasis, one third of whom are not responsive to conventional treatment approaches and suffer a 10-year survival rate of only 10%. More efficacious treatment strategies are needed for these aggressive thyroid cancers as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy have major toxicities without demonstrable overall survival benefit. Emerging evidence indicates a role of sex-hormones, genetics and the immune system in modulation of both risk for thyroid cancer and its progression in a sex-specific manner. Greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sex-differences in thyroid cancer pathogenesis could provide insights to the development of sex-specific, targeted, effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and management. This review summarizes emerging evidence for the importance of sex in the pathogenesis, progression, and response to treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer with emphasis on the role of sex-hormones, genetics and the immune system.
English
10.1089/thy.2021.0361 [doi]
*Adenocarcinoma
*Thyroid Neoplasms
Female
Humans
Male
Prognosis
Sex Characteristics
Thyroid Neoplasms/ep [Epidemiology]
Thyroid Neoplasms/ge [Genetics]
Thyroid Neoplasms/th [Therapy]
Treatment Outcome
MedStar Washington Hospital Center
Medicine/Endocrinology
Journal Article